Chapter 1 Introduction. Professional Development Refers

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Professional development refers to the development of a person in his or her professional role. According to Glattenhorn (1987), by gaining increased experience in one’s teaching role they systematically gain increased experience in their professional growth through examination of their teaching ability. Professional workshops and other formally related meetings are a part of the professional development experience (Ganzer, 2000). Professional development for new and veteran teachers rests on the premise that teacher content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge, or PCK (Shulman, 1986), directly and positively affects both the teachers practice and student learning. The National Council of Teachers of†¦show more content†¦Majority of the research have been case studies, involving a maximum of 10 teachers, a repeated trend was 2-3 teachers. Generally, the researchers concluded teachers with a moderately weak conceptual understanding of mathematics have a tenden cy to use a step-by-step approach to instruction and only allow students to practice the math computationally. As anyone might expect, these teachers could only offer limited assistance to students for building up comprehension in what they were learning (Ball, 1991; Leinhardt and Smith, 1985). When the teachers tried to give an clarification or explanation, they were not equipped to do so (Borko, Eisenhart, Brown, Underhill, Jones, Agard, 1992). In some studies, their deficient in conceptual knowledge caused them to teach incorrect math procedures (Leinhardt and Smith, 1985; Putnam, Heaton, Prawat, and Remillard, 1992.). A portion of these studies contrasted the low level of teaching practices with the teaching practices of teachers who had greater understanding of math. These studies indicate that a strong grasp of mathematics made it possible for teachers to understand and use constructively students’ mathematical solutions, explanations, and questions (Ball, 1991; Fernand ez, 1997.) Several researchers found, however, that some teachers with strong conceptual knowledge did not necessarily use that knowledge to understand their students’ mathematical explanations, preferring insteadShow MoreRelatedThe Feel Free Fitness Centre Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 01 Introduction 1. 1 Research Purpose In an academic dissertation, a â€Å"purpose† mostly quoted as an academic publication which provides evidence of ability in planning, conducting and reporting the research. In terms of programmed the objectives; the study is a valuable learning skill to research the forcibility in market space of the intended business. This dissertation aims to conduct in depth investigation in both the micro and macro environmental facts of the proposed business. 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Drugs Take You For Hell Disguised As Heaven - 1449 Words

â€Å"DRUGS TAKE YOU TO HELL DISGUISED AS HEAVEN† Donald Lynn Frost. As we find ourselves in the beginning of a new millennium, we are faced with challenges to our survival as a human population. Some of the greatest threats to our survival are sweeping epidemics that affect millions of individuals worldwide. Drug addiction, although often regarded as a personality disorder, may also be seen as a worldwide epidemic with evolutionary genetic, physiological, and environmental influences controlling this behavior. Globally, the use of drugs has reached all-time highs. On average, drug popularity differs from nation to nation.1 Archaeological evidence from across the world has revealed a human inclination to seek altered states of consciousness†¦show more content†¦Vulnerability to drugs, be it in terms of cultivation, production, trafficking or use, exists in countries at all levels of development. Different stages of the drug problem result in different manifestations of violence. Substance use may lead to violence related to the psychoactive e ffects of substances, as well as to crime committed in order to obtain funds for purchasing substances.4 The world drug problem is intertwined with all aspects of sustainable development. The analysis of the drug problem, and the response thereto, through the lens of the Sustainable Development Goals reveals the mechanisms of this interaction. All areas of sustainable development, as identified in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, shape the nature and dynamic of the drug problem. Poverty may also have strong links with drug use, albeit in a complex and mutually reinforcing manner. Indeed, the brunt of the drug use problem is borne by people who are poor in relation to the societies in which they live, as can be seen in stark terms in the wealthier countries.4, 5 Drug use often affects people during their most productive years. 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Colonialism and Slavery Free Essays

Colonialism and Slavery â€Å"l hate imperialism. I detest colonialism. And I fear the consequences of their last bitter struggle for life. We will write a custom essay sample on Colonialism and Slavery or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are determined, that our nation, and the world as a whole, shall not be the play thing of one small corner of the world. † (Sukarno) When it comes to taking over another country, the selfish reasons behind it cloud the minds of the colonizers into thinking that what they are doing is to the advantage of the victims. The lived experience of Okonkwo and Linda challenges the argument that defenders of colonialism and slavery made by proving that the colonizers trying to civilize and ring Christianity to the colonized countries worsened their lives instead of improving them by pushing out their culture and religion, and physically and mentally abusing them; through discovering the reasons for colonialism, then comparing them to the stories of Okonkwo and Linda the truth of what colonialism said it was doing and what it actually was doing to a colonized or slave person. There are many reasons why colonialism and slavery have thrived for many years. Westerners wanted to beat the competitor within the Western countries. White upremacy is a major advocate in the onslaught of colonialism. The idea of racial entitlement and genetic inferiority is what pushes the movement of imperialism. Blatantly narcissistic gauges of the worth of non-European peoples – skin color, fashions in or lack of clothing – receded in importance; measurements of cranial capacity, estimates of railway mileage, and the capacity for work, discipline, and marking time became the decisive criteria by which Europeans Judges other cultures and celebrated the superiority of their own. Adas, 146) Europeans considered all ther cultures â€Å"uncivilized† and wanted to bring to them the idea of modernity. No other culture lives up to the mindset of European culture and they know that and use that to their advantage. How to cite Colonialism and Slavery, Papers

Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition

Question: Discuss about the Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition. Answer: Introduction In economics, a market structure refers to the nature and type of competition that prevails in a market for the goods and services it provides. However, before doing an in depth study about the market structure it is very crucial to understand the meaning of market. Therefore in simple terms it is defined as a nominated area where the various goods and services are interchanged for a monetary value. There various factors which determine the structure of a market such as the number of buyers and sellers present for a particular good or service, the nature of the product being sold or the service being offered, the conditions for being a part of the market structure and whether there is any restrictions for the entry into the same and what are the economies of scale. Thus based on the above mentioned factors, four kinds of market structures exist namely monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. The said report details about these market structures with respect to Australia and also discusses the same with the example of the organization Woolworths (Lionis, 2005). Monopolistic Competition Second is the monopolistic competition structure where the number of competitors is many but none of them sell similar products. Here the owners of the businesses have a crucial role to perform because of the large amount of risk attached with the decisions being made by them. The main highlight in this structure is the dissimilarity in the products and the services being offered by the various players, the uniqueness in the marketing techniques and the distribution methodologies adopted. Similar to the above the said structure of the market also does not entail to any kind of restriction to the entry and exit of the sellers. However, the most important feature which this market structure has to offer is the government interference which is accepted whole heartedly by the present sellers. The same is beacsue they try to stop new entrants via this manner. The said graph makes it clear that in a monopolistic competition market structure the cost of the products will be in the upward direction and the manufacture of the product will be on the downward slope. This kind of a market structure is the most prevalent in Australia where the number of firms are very less so much that it even reminds one of the monopolistic market structure as well in some places. However the number has not been specifically defined in the oligopoly market structure but the same should be limited to such that one firm should be able to control the other firms in the structure by a long way (econ.ohio-state.edu. 2013). In this structure it is very difficult for the new firms to enter and demand a position in the market. However it is crucial to understand the impact of oligopoly on the international trade because the firms here are bigger in size The most striking example of an organization which operates in this market structure is the super market giant of Australia Woolworths. In this industry in Australia, there is only one other player apart from the one mentioned i.e. Coles. It can also rightly be called as a duopoly market structure where only two firms rule (Shakibaei, 2012). The location also plays a vital role in determination of oligopoly and the kind of products being offered by Woolworths. Here it is situated only in Australia and New Zealand and so are its rival Coles. They sell similar goods and Woolworths have the ability to handle the price changes with ease because of the entry restrictions and only one competitor in the market. The level of competition between Woolworths and its rival company Coles is so tough that it does not give room for the entrance of any other firm thus ensuring high entry barriers which is one of the key feature of the oligopoly (Dimech, 2014). However it is very important to understand one very striking feature of this kind of a market structure i.e. the said structure is possible if the main competitors who have the majority of the market share do not allow entry of any other firm. And in this scenario Woolworths is not the only one who is contributing to the oligopoly structure, but the same is helped by Coles as well. Together they have a market share of eighty percent. The existence of oligopoly in Australia is terrifyingly usual (Evans, 2011). The same is much prevalent due to lack of proper enforcement of competition laws. Due to the said negligence, major companies and organizations end up taking over each other businesses without thinking whether the same is anticompetitive or not. Woolworths is seen to expand its business within its comfort zone and hence does not make efforts to expand its business outside the territories of Australia and New Zealand (Orreconomics.weebly.com., 2015). Woolworths and its competitor Coles take advantage of their market power to the most. Earlier the accounting standards demanded them to display about the rebates they obtained from the suppliers but the same got lapsed after the introduction of the new standards. Further to this the supermarkets have a significant part to play in the progression of the Australian Agricultural Sector and an increase in the market share of Woolworths with its competitor has created an environment of concern for many farmers. The company has got the power to decide upon the prices they would charge for the various products and have also maintained and developed a high end expectation amongst the consumers. Due to this there is immense pressure on the other retail chains and the farmers also are seen in a very weak position due to decisions made by Coles and Woolworths. Even though Woolworths have been able to supply products as per the choices of the customers and that too at very cheap prices yet the s ame has been detrimental for the financial health of the farmers. One such striking action conducted by Woolworths and also Coles was selling milk for A$1 thus had to face huge criticism for misusing their market power (Bariacto Di Nunzio, 2014). This kind of a market structure is said to exist when there is a sole seller of a product which has no substitutes. Here the seller gets extra ordinary profits and they have the benefit of emerging as a winner in the international market as well. The said structure does not have a supply curve as they are the ones who determine the prices. The monopoly market structure does not allow any other firm to enter the market thus portraying a very high entry barrier. In a monopoly the firm can easily change the price and the volume of the good it supplies at its own will. Microsoft is a perfect example of a monopoly market structure which has a monopoly in the domestic market and has also become a part of the international market place thereby helping the country to earn export revenues as well. Therefore the monopoly contributes in generating a higher industrial progression. Similar to oligopoly with a slight differentiation of the fact that there is only one single firm ruling, this kind of a market structure has a very stringent barrier into the market. Due to the same the level of intervention by the government is very high simply to ensure that the monopoly firm does not take undue advantage of his position and exploit the consumers. Thereby on understanding the four market structures, it can be rightly said that the seller as well as the buyers all have varying degree of preferences and choices. As per my recommendation, oligopolistic is one of the most preferred market structures as it proves to be most beneficial from a suppliers view point since the interference of the government is low and the number of competitors is also few although the entry in the said market structure is difficult as is seen in the case of the supermarket industry of Australia where Woolworths supported by Coles do not allow any other firm to enter. The profitability is also more as compared to the other market structures thus the firms which are already a part of the oligopoly, ensure that the said structure is maintained (Tyers, 2014). The same is very much evident from the kind of structure that is present in Australian Supermarket industry. Conclusion Thus if the above mentioned market structures and the kinds which are most prevalent in Australia are summarised then it would seem very clear that oligopoly, monopoly and monopolistic competition form of market structures are highly prevalent. Woolworths is one of the perfect examples of a oligopoly or one can also name it as a duopoly market structure as in the supermarket industry in Australia only two companies rule mainly Woolworths and Coles and the others smaller one have a very minute share. The other market structures are also prevalent but the oligopoly is the highly prevalent in Australia. Woolworths and Coles are one amongst the many oligopolies which are found in the market structure of Australia. References: Bariacto,N., Di Nunzio,J., (2014), Market Power in the Australian Food System, Available at https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/market-power-in-the-australian-food-system/ (Accessed 15th March 2017) Dimech,A., (2014), Australian Oligopolies, Available at https://blog.adonline.id.au/oligopolies/ (Accessed 14th March 2017) econ.ohio-state.edu. (2013). Oligopoly. Available at https://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jpeck/H200/EconH200L13.pdf (Accessed 14th March 2017) Evans,J., (2011), Coles and Woolworths duopoly hard to swallow, Available at https://theconversation.com/coles-and-woolworths-duopoly-hard-to-swallow-533 (Accessed 14th March 2017) Harford, T. (2008). Perfect Competition, Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition. Available at https://www.econ.jku.at/members/WinterEbmer/files/Teaching/managerial/lecture4.pdf (Accessed 14th March 2017) Kitney,D White,A., (2013), We are an oligopoly economy: Robb, Available at https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/we-are-an-oligopoly-economy-robb/news-story/606fcf2f0e789689d39fd40f19b8a1e9 (Accessed 14th March 2017) Lionis,N., (2005), Market Structure, Available at https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/D406/Lecture%20Notes/03_Market%20Structure.pdf (Accessed 14th March 2017) Orreconomics.weebly.com., (2015), Woolworths- Why an Oligopoly, Available at https://orreconomics.weebly.com/market-structure-why-an-oligopoly.html (Accessed 14th March 2017) Shakibaei,B., (2012), Duopolies : Woolworths and Coles, Available at https://markets6605.wordpress.com/2012/06/13/duopolies-woolworths-and-coles/ (Accessed 14th March 2017) Tyers,R., (2014), Service Oligopolies and Australias Economy-Wide Performance, Available at https://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/2585102/14-18-Service-Oligopolies-and-Australias-Economy-Wide-Performance.pdf (Accessed 14th March 2017)